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We investigate spectral properties of polaronic excitations within the framework of an analog quantum simulator based on inductively coupled superconducting transmon qubits and microwave resonators. This system emulates a lattice model that describes a nonlocal coupling of an itinerant spinless-fermion excitation to dispersionless (Einstein-type) phonons through the Peierls and breathing-mode interaction mechanisms. The model is characterized by a sharp, level-crossing transition at a critical value of the effective excitation-phonon coupling strength; above the transition point, the ground state of this model corresponds to a heavily dressed (small-polaron) excitation. Using the kernel-polynomial method, we evaluate the momentum-frequency resolved spectral function of this system for a broad range of parameters. In particular, we underscore the ramifications of the fact that the zero-quasimomentum Bloch state of a bare excitation represents the exact eigenstate of the Hamiltonian of this system for an arbitrary excitation-phonon coupling strength. We also show that -- based on the numerically evaluated spectral function and its well-known relation with the survival probability of the initial, bare-excitation Bloch state (the Loschmidt echo) -- one can make predictions about the system dynamics following an excitation-phonon interaction quench. To make contact with anticipated experimental realizations, we utilize a previously proposed method for extracting dynamical-response functions in systems with local (single-qubit) addressability using the multiqubit (many-body) version of the Ramsey interference protocol.