论文标题

HIRA:隐藏的行激活,用于减少现成的DRAM芯片的刷新潜伏期

HiRA: Hidden Row Activation for Reducing Refresh Latency of Off-the-Shelf DRAM Chips

论文作者

Yağlıkçı, Abdullah Giray, Olgun, Ataberk, Patel, Minesh, Luo, Haocong, Hassan, Hasan, Orosa, Lois, Ergin, Oğuz, Mutlu, Onur

论文摘要

DRAM是现代主要存储系统的基础。必须定期刷新DRAM细胞以防止数据丢失。刷新操作通过干扰内存访问来降低系统性能。随着DRAM芯片密度随着技术节点缩放的增加而增加,刷新操作也会增加,因为:1)芯片中DRAM行的数量增加; 2)DRAM单元需要额外的刷新操作,以减轻由Rowhammer引起的位故障,Rowhammer引起的失败机制随着技术节点缩放而变得更糟。因此,至关重要的是在低性能开销中启用刷新操作。为此,我们提出了一个新的操作,隐藏的行激活(HIRA)和HIRA内存控制器(HIRA-MC)。 Hira通过同时访问或刷新同一银行内的另一排,隐藏了刷新操作的延迟。与先前的作品不同,希拉(Hira)实现了这种并行性,而没有任何修改现成的DRAM芯片。为此,它利用了新的观察结果,即如果行连接到不同的电荷恢复电路,则可以激活同一银行中的两个行而无需数据丢失。我们通过实验表明,在56%的实际现成的DRAM芯片上,HIRA可以可靠地使DRAM行的刷新操作可靠地平行,并激活同一银行内32%的行中的任何一行中的任何一行。通过这样做,HIRA将两个刷新操作的总体延迟减少了51.4%。 HIRA-MC修改内存请求调度程序以执行HIRA,当时可以与内存访问或其他刷新同时执行刷新操作。我们的系统级评估表明,HIRA-MC将系统性能提高12.6%和3.73倍,因为它由于定期刷新和刷新Rowhammer保护(预防性刷新)而降低了性能降解,以增加密度和Rowhammer脆弱性的未来DRAM芯片。

DRAM is the building block of modern main memory systems. DRAM cells must be periodically refreshed to prevent data loss. Refresh operations degrade system performance by interfering with memory accesses. As DRAM chip density increases with technology node scaling, refresh operations also increase because: 1) the number of DRAM rows in a chip increases; and 2) DRAM cells need additional refresh operations to mitigate bit failures caused by RowHammer, a failure mechanism that becomes worse with technology node scaling. Thus, it is critical to enable refresh operations at low performance overhead. To this end, we propose a new operation, Hidden Row Activation (HiRA), and the HiRA Memory Controller (HiRA-MC). HiRA hides a refresh operation's latency by refreshing a row concurrently with accessing or refreshing another row within the same bank. Unlike prior works, HiRA achieves this parallelism without any modifications to off-the-shelf DRAM chips. To do so, it leverages the new observation that two rows in the same bank can be activated without data loss if the rows are connected to different charge restoration circuitry. We experimentally demonstrate on 56% real off-the-shelf DRAM chips that HiRA can reliably parallelize a DRAM row's refresh operation with refresh or activation of any of the 32% of the rows within the same bank. By doing so, HiRA reduces the overall latency of two refresh operations by 51.4%. HiRA-MC modifies the memory request scheduler to perform HiRA when a refresh operation can be performed concurrently with a memory access or another refresh. Our system-level evaluations show that HiRA-MC increases system performance by 12.6% and 3.73x as it reduces the performance degradation due to periodic refreshes and refreshes for RowHammer protection (preventive refreshes), respectively, for future DRAM chips with increased density and RowHammer vulnerability.

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