论文标题
天体导航的开始
The beginning of celestial navigation
论文作者
论文摘要
天体的使用位置确定导航器的位置并指导船只，这是古代海员的攻击。在地中海与印度洋一样，在中国和太平洋地区一样，各种各样的民族都抬头看着天空，作为船只的指南，但直到现代才能实现这一目标。正是在现代之前，葡萄牙人开发了两种技术，葡萄牙人的测量值是北极的高度和太阳的子午线高度的测量，这些技术适应了水手的使用，使它们能够至少达到良好的准确性，至少至少达到纬度的测量。为此，天文学家已经使用了几个世纪已经使用的工具也得到了改编和简化：象限，星棒和后来的交叉员工。
The use of the observed positions of celestial bodies to determine the location of a navigator and to direct vessels, was an aspiration of ancient seafarers. Various peoples, in the Mediterranean as much as in the Indian Ocean, in China as much as in the Pacific, looked up to the sky as a guide for ships, but there is no convincing evidence this was achieved until the Modern Age. It was not before the Modern Age that two techniques were developed by the Portuguese, the measurement of the altitude of the North Star and that of the meridian altitude of the Sun, which, adapted and simplified for the use of sailors, enabled them to achieve good accuracy at least as far as the measurement of latitude was concerned. To this end, instruments that had already been used by astronomers for several centuries were also adapted and simplified: the quadrant, the astrolabe and, later, the cross-staff.
