论文标题

AES实施的接近零相关性的平衡编码

Balanced Encoding of Near-Zero Correlation for an AES Implementation

论文作者

Lee, Seungkwang, Kim, Jeong-Nyeo

论文摘要

功率分析对加密算法的安全性构成了重大威胁,因为它可以利用以恢复秘密键。尽管存在各种基于软件的对策来减轻这种非侵入性攻击,但它们通常涉及时间和空间限制之间的权衡。蒙版和改组等技术虽然有效,但可以显着影响执行速度,并严重依赖运行时随机数生成器。相反,内部编码的块密码实现提供了一种不依赖运行时随机源的替代方法,但它的缺点是需要大量的内存空间来容纳查找表。通常在白盒密码学中使用的内部编码具有重大的安全限制,因为它不能有效地保护秘密密钥免受统计分析。为了克服这一弱点,本文介绍了AES实现的安全内部编码方法。通过解决以前编码方法中发现的脆弱性的根本原因,我们提出了一种平衡的编码技术,旨在最大程度地减少与密钥依赖性中间值的问题相关性。我们分析了与平衡编码相关的潜在弱点,并提出了一种利用互补查找表的方法。在这种方法中,查找表的大小约为512kb,桌子查找的数量为1,024。这与未受保护的白盒AES-128实现的表大小相媲美,同时只需要一半的查找数量。通过采用这种方法,我们的目的是引入一种非掩蔽技术,以减轻当前内部AES实施中存在的统计分析的脆弱性。

Power analysis poses a significant threat to the security of cryptographic algorithms, as it can be leveraged to recover secret keys. While various software-based countermeasures exist to mitigate this non-invasive attack, they often involve a trade-off between time and space constraints. Techniques such as masking and shuffling, while effective, can noticeably impact execution speed and rely heavily on run-time random number generators. On the contrary, internally encoded implementations of block ciphers offer an alternative approach that does not rely on run-time random sources, but it comes with the drawback of requiring substantial memory space to accommodate lookup tables. Internal encoding, commonly employed in white-box cryptography, suffers from a significant security limitation as it does not effectively protect the secret key against statistical analysis. To overcome this weakness, this paper introduces a secure internal encoding method for an AES implementation. By addressing the root cause of vulnerabilities found in previous encoding methods, we propose a balanced encoding technique that aims to minimize the problematic correlation with key-dependent intermediate values. We analyze the potential weaknesses associated with the balanced encoding and present a method that utilizes complementary sets of lookup tables. In this approach, the size of the lookup tables is approximately 512KB, and the number of table lookups is 1,024. This is comparable to the table size of non-protected white-box AES-128 implementations, while requiring only half the number of lookups. By adopting this method, our aim is to introduce a non-masking technique that mitigates the vulnerability to statistical analysis present in current internally-encoded AES implementations.

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