论文标题
框外思考:与粒子的数值相对论
Thinking outside the box: Numerical Relativity with particles
论文作者
论文摘要
迄今为止,基本上所有解决爱因斯坦方程组的仿真代码均在欧拉流体动力学的框架中进行。例外是我们最近开发的数值相对论代码SPHINCS_BSSN,该代码跨结构化网格和通过拉格朗日粒子在结构化网格和物质方程式上解决了常用的BSSN公式。我们首次在这里展示了SPHINCS_BSSN中子星星合并模拟,并在四个状态的四个核问题方程式上进行了分段多层次近似。在这组中子星级合并模拟中,我们专注于完全不合理且具有1.3 $ m_ \ odot $ smoses的完美对称二进制系统。我们介绍了一些进一步的方法学改进(一种转向耗散的新方法,改进的粒子映射),并探索了进入热压贡献计算中的指数的影响。我们发现,它在重力波振幅上留下了明显的烙印(通过四极近似和$ψ_4$ - 形式主义计算),并且对动态喷射的量有明显的影响。与较早的发现一致,我们只发现几次$ 10^{ - 3} $ \ msun作为所研究的相等二进制系统中的动态喷射,具有更柔和的状态方程(更容易震动形成)驱逐大量的物质。在所有情况下,我们都会看到$ \ sim 10^{ - 4} $ \ msun的可靠高速度($ \ sim0.5 .. 0.7c $)的弹出组件,该组件是从两个中子星之间的接口上启动的。已经提出了这样的高速成分,可以使主要的Kilonova发射产生早期的蓝色前体,并且也可能引起Kilonova余辉。
To date, essentially all simulation codes that solve the full set of Einstein's equations are performed in the framework of Eulerian hydrodynamics. The exception is our recently developed Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN which solves the commonly used BSSN formulation of the Einstein equations on a structured mesh and the matter equations via Lagrangian particles. We show here, for the first time, SPHINCS_BSSN neutron star merger simulations with piecewise polytropic approximations to four nuclear matter equations of state. In this set of neutron star merger simulations we focus on perfectly symmetric binary systems that are irrotational and have 1.3 $M_\odot$ masses. We introduce some further methodological refinements (a new way of steering dissipation, an improved particle-mesh mapping) and we explore the impact of the exponent that enters in the calculation of the thermal pressure contribution. We find that it leaves a noticeable imprint on the gravitational wave amplitude (calculated via both quadrupole approximation and the $Ψ_4$-formalism) and has a noticeable impact on the amount of dynamic ejecta. Consistent with earlier findings, we only find a few times $10^{-3}$ \Msun as dynamic ejecta in the studied equal mass binary systems, with softer equations of state (which are more prone to shock formation) ejecting larger amounts of matter. In all of the cases, we see a credible high-velocity ($\sim0.5 .. 0.7c$) ejecta component of $\sim 10^{-4}$ \Msun that is launched at contact from the interface between the two neutron stars. Such a high-velocity component has been suggested to produce an early, blue precursor to the main kilonova emission and it could also potentially cause a kilonova afterglow.