论文标题

时间依赖性恒星活动对系外行星大气的影响

The impact of time-dependent stellar activity on exoplanet atmospheres

论文作者

Louca, Amy J., Miguel, Yamila, Tsai, Shang-Min, Froning, Cynthia S., Loyd, R. O. Parke, France, Kevin

论文摘要

M-dwarfs被认为是系外行星的敌对环境。在这样的恒星上,恒星事件非常普遍。这些事件可能会导致系外行星的大气随着时间的推移发生重大变化。不仅是主要的恒星耀斑事件导致这种不平衡,而且较小的耀斑也可能以累积的方式影响大气。在这项研究中,我们旨在研究时间依赖性恒星活性对已知系外行星大气的影响。我们使用肌肉合作制作的观察到的恒星光谱,模拟了从H $ _2 $码头到n $ _2 $区的气氛的GJ876C,GJ581C和GJ832C的化学性质。我们利用化学动力学代码瓦肯(Vulcan)并实施了一个耀斑的常规,该常规基于观察到的耀斑统计数据随机生成合成耀斑。使用辐射传输代码Petitradtrans,我们还模拟了发射和传输光谱的演变。我们研究了重复出现的耀斑的影响,总计11天,覆盖了515个耀斑。结果表明,对于某些相关物种(例如H,OH和CH $ _4 $)的丰度发生了重大变化,其因素与预兑现丰度相差3个数量级差异。我们发现$ \ sim $ 12 ppm的最大更改$ _4 $ _4 $在GJ876C上的传输光谱。光谱中的这些变化仍然太小而无法观察。我们还发现,行星的丰度和光谱的变化在整个时间内积累,从而导致化学的永久变化。我们得出结论,由于反复出现的耀斑而导致了这种化学反应的逐渐变化。

M-dwarfs are thought to be hostile environments for exoplanets. Stellar events are very common on such stars. These events might cause the atmospheres of exoplanets to change significantly over time. It is not only the major stellar flare events that contribute to this disequilibrium, but the smaller flares might also affect the atmospheres in an accumulating manner. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of time-dependent stellar activity on the atmospheres of known exoplanets. We simulate the chemistry of GJ876c, GJ581c, and GJ832c that go from H$_2$-dominated to N$_2$-dominated atmospheres using observed stellar spectra from the MUSCLES-collaboration. We make use of the chemical kinetics code VULCAN and implement a flaring routine that stochastically generates synthetic flares based on observed flare statistics. Using the radiative transfer code petitRADTrans we also simulate the evolution of emission and transmission spectra. We investigate the effect of recurring flares for a total of 11 days covering 515 flares. Results show a significant change in abundance for some relevant species such as H, OH, and CH$_4$, with factors going up to 3 orders of magnitude difference with respect to the preflare abundances. We find a maximum change of $\sim$12 ppm for CH$_4$ in transmission spectra on GJ876c. These changes in the spectra remain too small to observe. We also find that the change in abundance and spectra of the planets accumulate throughout time, causing permanent changes in the chemistry. We conclude this small but gradual change in chemistry arises due to the recurring flares.

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