论文标题
单独的分类配对可以导致具有文化传播生物的结构化生物群
Assortative pairing alone can lead to a structured biota in organisms with cultural transmission
论文作者
论文摘要
空间分离通常包括在种族差异模型中，但也已经意识到，城市亚文化可以并且经常在同志中出现。先前的研究倾向于将这种现象归因于人类模仿自我相似的个体，并积极地与被公认为外国人的成员的个体区分开来的趋势。但是，这种模型在非人类动物中的应用被认为是有问题的。我们提出了亚文化出现的简约模型，其中社会学习算法不需要假设“模仿阈值”。它只需要对Galton-Pearson先前用于近似文化遗传的生物特征模型进行稍作修改。新模型包括输入（文化“父母”）的差异与产出（文化“后代”）之间的比例。在此模型中，仅分类就可以导致形成不同组内和大组间变异性的个体（亚文化）的独特簇簇，即使在没有空间分离或颠覆性自然选择的情况下也是如此。因此，在生态差异之前的任意行为品种的同胞出现可能代表所有文化动物中的规范，而不是例外。
Spatial separation is often included in models of ethnic divergence but it has also been realised that urban subcultures can, and frequently do, emerge in sympatry. Previous research tended to attribute this phenomenon to the human tendency to imitate self-similar individuals and actively differentiate oneself from individuals recognized as members of an outgroup. Application of such a model to non-human animals has been, however, viewed as problematic. We present a parsimonious model of subculture emergence where the algorithm of social learning does not require the assumption of an 'imitation threshold'. All it takes is a slight modification of Galton-Pearson's biometric model previously used to approximate cultural inheritance. The new model includes proportionality between the variance of inputs (cultural 'parents') and the variance of outputs (cultural 'offspring'). In this model, assortment alone can lead to the formation of distinct cohesive clusters of individuals (subcultures) with a low within-group and large between-group variability even in absence of a spatial separation or disruptive natural selection. Sympatric emergence of arbitrary behavioural varieties preceding ecological divergence may thus represent the norm, not the exception, in all cultural animals.
