论文标题
测试行星形成的牛仔裤,Toomre和Bonnor-ebert概念:3D流媒体不稳定性模拟地球的扩散调节形成
Testing the Jeans, Toomre and Bonnor-Ebert concepts for planetesimal formation: 3D streaming instability simulations of diffusion regulated formation of planetesimals
论文作者
论文摘要
我们在山丘密度及以后进行流媒体不稳定性模拟,以证明当卵石积聚超过当地山丘密度时,没有完成行星形成。我们发现山丘密度不是足够的标准,可以进一步将卵石云进一步重力塌陷,但此外,累积的质量必须足够大以克服湍流扩散。对系统的noomre分析表明,线性自重模式在我们的数值模拟规模上没有任何作用。然而,我们发现,通过垂直缩合卵石层的自我重力会增加湍流的强度,这要么是开尔文·赫尔姆霍尔茨不稳定性的指示,要么是流动稳定性的提升。我们还确定了Bonnor-ebert中央密度,在该密度上必须压缩给定质量的卵石云,然后才能继续对内部扩散进行收缩。随着卵石云的等效“固体”尺寸,中心密度达到-1/6的中心密度,对于相同水平的湍流扩散水平,拥有100 km等效尺寸的卵石云比10 km之一容易得多。这可以解释太阳系中缺乏小物体,并预测在大卵石与气比时,太阳星云的郊区以及一般减少气体质量的后期,在大卵石与气比时的重力崩溃形成了小物体。
We perform streaming instability simulations at Hill density and beyond, to demonstrate that Planetesimal formation is not completed when pebble accumulations exceed the local Hill density. We find that Hill density is not a sufficient criterion for further gravitational collapse of a pebble cloud into a planetesimal, but that additionally the accumulated mass has to be large enough to overcome turbulent diffusion. A Toomre analysis of the system indicates that linear self-gravity modes play no role on the scale of our numerical simulation. We nevertheless find that self-gravity, by vertically contracting the pebble layer, increases the strength of turbulence, which is either an indication of Kelvin Helmholtz Instability or a boost of the streaming-instability. We furthermore determine the Bonnor-Ebert central density to which a pebble cloud of given mass has to be compressed before it would be able to continue contraction against internal diffusion. As the equivalent "solid body" size of the pebble cloud scales with the central density to the power of -1/6, it is much easier to have a pebble cloud of 100 km equivalent size to collapse than one of 10 km for the same level of turbulent diffusion. This can explain the lack of small bodies in the solar system and predicts to have small objects formed by gravitational collapse at large pebble to gas ratios, in the outskirts of the solar nebula and at late times of generally reduced gas mass.