论文标题

超级黑洞周围的世俗动力学通过多极扩展

Secular Dynamics around a Supermassive Black Hole via Multipole Expansion

论文作者

Fouvry, Jean-Baptiste, Dehnen, Walter, Tremaine, Scott, Bar-Or, Ben

论文摘要

在银河系核中,重力电势由中央超级黑洞主导,因此恒星遵循准轻巧的轨道。这些轨道被其他恒星的重力扭曲,从而导致长期轨道松弛。这些过程的直接数值研究具有挑战性,因为中央黑洞施加的快速轨道运动需要很小的时间段。高斯(Gauss)开创的另一种方法是使用沿每个轨道上的$ k $节点在开普勒轨道上涂抹$ n $ stars的世俗近似。在这项研究中,我们提出了这一方法的三个新颖改进。首先,我们重新建立了描述轨道状态的变量变化速率的离散化,以确保所有保护法都完全满足。其次,我们将成对的总和替换为$ \ ell _ {\ mathrm {max}} $的订单,将整体计算成本从$ O(N^2K^2)$降低到$ O(nk \ ell _ {\ ell _ {\ Mathrm {max}}^2)$。最后,我们表明平均动力系统等于$ 2N $交互单位旋转向量,并提供两个时间集成器:二阶符号符号方案和四阶lie-Group runge-kutta方法,这两种方法都可以直接概括到更高阶。这些新的模拟恢复了通过世俗动力学分析计算获得的恒星偏心率的扩散系数。

In galactic nuclei, the gravitational potential is dominated by the central supermassive black hole, so stars follow quasi-Keplerian orbits. These orbits are distorted by gravitational forces from other stars, leading to long-term orbital relaxation. The direct numerical study of these processes is challenging because the fast orbital motion imposed by the central black hole requires very small timesteps. An alternative approach, pioneered by Gauss, is to use the secular approximation of smearing out the $N$ stars over their Keplerian orbits, using $K$ nodes along each orbit. In this study we propose three novel improvements to this method. First, we re-formulate the discretisation of the rates of change of the variables describing the orbital states to ensure that all conservation laws are exactly satisfied. Second, we replace the pairwise sum over nodes by a multipole expansion up to order $\ell_{\mathrm{max}}$, reducing the overall computational costs from $O(N^2K^2)$ to $O(NK\ell_{\mathrm{max}}^2)$. Finally, we show that the averaged dynamical system is equivalent to $2N$ interacting unit spin vectors and provide two time integrators: a second-order symplectic scheme and a fourth-order Lie-group Runge-Kutta method, both of which are straightforward to generalize to higher order. These new simulations recover the diffusion coefficients of stellar eccentricities obtained through analytical calculations of the secular dynamics.

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