论文标题
用于减轻相位变化记忆中写入干扰的模块内干扰障碍
An In-Module Disturbance Barrier for Mitigating Write Disturbance in Phase-Change Memory
论文作者
论文摘要
写入干扰误差(WDE)似乎是一个严重的可靠性问题,可以防止一般商业化的相变位数(PCM),因此已经提出了一些研究来减轻WDES。验证和校正(VNC)通过始终验证编程后的数据正确性来消除WDE,但会导致大量的性能开销。通过减少WDE可视数据模式的数量来缓解基于编码的方案;但是,缓解性能显着随着应用而波动。此外,基于编码的方案仍然依赖基于VNC的方案。基于缓存的方案通过将数据存储在写缓存中来降低WDE,但是它需要几种兆字节的SRAM来大大减轻WDE。尽管先前的研究做出了努力,但这些方法仍会产生明显的性能或面积的开销。因此,不依赖基于VNC的方案或应用程序数据模式的新方法是非常必要的。此外,新方法应该对处理器(即模块内)透明,因为WDES的特征是由PCM产品制造商确定的。在本文中,我们提出了一个模块内干扰屏障(IMDB),该障碍会根据需求减轻WDES。 IMDB包括一个两级层次结构,其中包括两个基于SRAM的表,其条目由专用的替换策略进行管理,该策略充分利用了WDE的特征。替换策略的幼稚实施需要SRAM上数百个读取端口,这在实际硬件中是不可行的。因此,还设计了一个近似比较器。我们还对建筑参数进行了严格的探索,以获得具有成本效益的设计。与以前的方法相比,所提出的方法显着减少了WDE,而没有明显的速度降解或额外的能耗。
Write disturbance error (WDE) appears as a serious reliability problem preventing phase-change memory (PCM) from general commercialization, and therefore several studies have been proposed to mitigate WDEs. Verify-and-correction (VnC) eliminates WDEs by always verifying the data correctness on neighbors after programming, but incurs significant performance overhead. Encoding-based schemes mitigate WDEs by reducing the number of WDE-vulnerable data patterns; however, mitigation performance notably fluctuates with applications. Moreover, encoding-based schemes still rely on VnC-based schemes. Cache-based schemes lower WDEs by storing data in a write cache, but it requires several megabytes of SRAM to significantly mitigate WDEs. Despite the efforts of previous studies, these methods incur either significant performance or area overhead. Therefore, a new approach, which does not rely on VnC-based schemes or application data patterns, is highly necessary. Furthermore, the new approach should be transparent to processors (i.e., in-module), because the characteristic of WDEs is determined by manufacturers of PCM products. In this paper, we present an in-module disturbance barrier (IMDB) that mitigates WDEs on demand. IMDB includes a two-level hierarchy comprising two SRAM-based tables, whose entries are managed with a dedicated replacement policy that sufficiently utilizes the characteristics of WDEs. The naive implementation of the replacement policy requires hundreds of read ports on SRAM, which is infeasible in real hardware; hence, an approximate comparator is also designed. We also conduct a rigorous exploration of architecture parameters to obtain a cost-effective design. The proposed method significantly reduces WDEs without noticeable speed degradation or additional energy consumption compared to previous methods.