论文标题

中年脉冲星周围伽马射照光环的形态:脉冲星的影响

Morphology of Gamma-Ray Halos around Middle-Aged Pulsars: Influence of the Pulsar Proper Motion

论文作者

Zhang, Yi, Liu, Ruo-Yu, Chen, S. Z., Wang, Xiang-Yu

论文摘要

最近,高空水Cherenkov天文台(HAWC)检测到了两个中年脉冲星(即geminga和PSR B0656+14)的伽玛射线光环。伽马射线辐射来自相对论电子,这些电子逃脱了脉冲星云和周围介质中的弥漫性。发现扩散系数明显低于银河磁盘中的平均值。如果是这样,则在典型的横向速度为$ 300-500 {\,\ rm km /s} $的$ 300-500 {\,\ rm km /s} $,其位移对于塑造其伽马射射晕的形态可能很重要。在此激励的情况下,我们研究了Pulsar的正确运动,研究了脉冲星光晕的形态。我们定义了Pulsar Halo的三个进化阶段,以分类其形态学特征。低于10 $ \的Pulsar Halos的形态,$ tev是双峰或单个峰值的尾巴,这取决于电子注入历史记录。在10 TEV以上,由于tev电子的较短冷却时间尺度($ <50 \,$ kyr),脉冲星光晕的形态几乎是球形的。我们还定量评估了脉冲星和伽马射光中心之间的分离,以及不同假设对脉冲星特性和注射电子的影响。我们的结果表明,高于10 $ \,$ tev和相关的Pulsar的伽马射线光环中心之间的分离通常太小,无法被HAWC或Lhaaso观察到。因此,我们的结果提供了一种有用的方法来限制非常高能量的扩展来源的起源。

Recently, gamma-ray halos of a few degree extension have been detected around two middle-aged pulsars, namely, Geminga and PSR B0656+14, by the High Altitude Water Cherenkov observatory (HAWC). The gamma-ray radiation arise from relativistic electrons that escape the pulsar wind nebula and diffuse in the surrounding medium. The diffusion coefficient is found to be significantly lower than the average value in the Galactic disk. If so, given a typical transverse velocity of $300-500{\,\rm km /s}$ for a pulsar, its displacement could be important in shaping the morphology of its gamma-ray halos. Motivated by this, we study the morphology of pulsar halos considering the proper motion of pulsar. We define three evolutionary phases of pulsar halo to categorize its morphological features. The morphology of pulsar halos below 10$\,$TeV is double peaked or single peaked with an extended tail, which depends on the electron injection history. Above 10 TeV, the morphology of pulsar halos is nearly spherical, due to the short cooling timescale ($<50\,$kyr) for tens TeV electrons. We also quantitatively evaluate the separation between the pulsar and the center of the gamma-ray halo, as well as the influence of different assumptions for the pulsar characteristics and the injected electrons. Our results suggest that the separation between the center of the gamma-ray halo above 10$\,$TeV and the associated pulsar is usually too small to be observable by HAWC or LHAASO. Hence, our results provide a useful approach to constrain the origin of extended sources at very high energies.

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