论文标题

JWST噪声局II:JWST NIRCAM时间序列中的系统错误来源

JWST Noise Floor II: Systematic Error Sources in JWST NIRCam Time Series

论文作者

Schlawin, Everett, Leisenring, Jarron, McElwain, Michael W., Misselt, Karl, Don, Kenneth, Greene, Thomas P., Beatty, Thomas, Nikolov, Nikolay, Kelly, Douglas, Rieke, Marcia

论文摘要

JWST在表征过境系外行星的气氛方面具有巨大的希望,如果可以实现光子限制的性能,则有可能向M Dwarf宿主恒星宜居区内的地球大小的行星提供见解。在这里,我们讨论了使用NiRCAM仪器进行GRISM时间序列观察中预期存在的系统错误源。我们发现,指向抖动和高增益天线移动在探测器的子像素交叉首模式之上,会产生相对较小的变化(少于百万分之6,ppm)。由于光学的热不稳定性而导致的时间依赖性孔径损失也可以保持在2 ppm以下。为了达到这些低噪声源,重要的是要采用足够大的(超过1.1个电弧)提取孔径。由于电荷诱捕而引起的持久性将在暴露时间20分钟内的时间序列效果(小于3 ppm),并且预计将比HST WFC3检测器发挥作用要小得多。我们预计温度波动小于3 ppm。总的来说,我们来自已知系统错误来源的估计噪声量仅为每次访问9 ppm。但是,我们确实敦促谨慎,因为飞行中可能存在未知的系统错误源,并且只能在静态恒星等天体物理源上进行测量。我们发现,互惠失败可能会在40 ppm的水平下引入多年生仪器偏移,因此在将多仪器多仪器多孔频谱拼接时,可能需要进行校正。

JWST holds great promise in characterizing atmospheres of transiting exoplanets, potentially providing insights into Earth-sized planets within the habitable zones of M dwarf host stars if photon-limited performance can be achieved. Here, we discuss the systematic error sources that are expected to be present in grism time series observations with the NIRCam instrument. We find that pointing jitter and high gain antenna moves on top of the detectors' subpixel crosshatch patterns will produce relatively small variations (less than 6 parts per million, ppm). The time-dependent aperture losses due to thermal instabilities in the optics can also be kept to below 2 ppm. To achieve these low noise sources, it is important to employ a sufficiently large (more than 1.1 arcseconds) extraction aperture. Persistence due to charge trapping will have a minor (less than 3 ppm) effect on time series 20 minutes into an exposure and is expected to play a much smaller role than it does for the HST WFC3 detectors. We expect temperature fluctuations to be less than 3 ppm. In total, our estimated noise floor from known systematic error sources is only 9 ppm per visit. We do however urge caution as unknown systematic error sources could be present in flight and will only be measurable on astrophysical sources like quiescent stars. We find that reciprocity failure may introduce a perennial instrument offset at the 40 ppm level, so corrections may be needed when stitching together a multi-instrument multi-observatory spectrum over wide wavelength ranges.

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