论文标题

深度学习的符号技术:挑战和机遇

Symbolic Techniques for Deep Learning: Challenges and Opportunities

论文作者

Fang, Belinda, Yang, Elaine, Xie, Fei

论文摘要

随着深度学习框架的数量增加,某些框架获得了知名度,它激发了讨论这些框架所采用哪些方法及其背后的推理的讨论。这项调查的目的是研究如何在深度学习中使用符号技术。为此,我们研究了当今使用的一些最受欢迎的深度学习框架,包括Tensorflow,Keras,Pytorch和Mxnet。尽管这些框架彼此之间有很大的不同,但其中许多框架使用符号技术,无论是符号执行,图形还是编程。我们将本文集中在符号技术上,因为它们不仅影响着神经网络的构建方式,还影响其执行方式。 符号技术的局限性导致努力在深度学习中整合符号和非词素方面,为符号技术开辟了新的可能性。例如,Apache MXNet的Gluon API通过杂交桥接了命令编程和符号执行之间的差距。诸如Janus之类的框架试图将命令式程序转化为符号图,而诸如Deepcheck之类的方法则尝试使用符号执行来分析和验证势在必行的神经网络程序。符号分析也已与一种称为Concolic测试的技术配对,以更好地测试深度神经网络。我们对这些发展的研究仅例证了流行框架所采用的符号技术的众多方式中,有机会改变和利用以实现更好的性能。

As the number of deep learning frameworks increase and certain ones gain popularity, it spurs the discussion of what methodologies are employed by these frameworks and the reasoning behind them. The goal of this survey is to study how symbolic techniques are utilized in deep learning. To do this, we look at some of the most popular deep learning frameworks being used today, including TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and MXNet. While these frameworks greatly differ from one another, many of them use symbolic techniques, whether it be symbolic execution, graphs, or programming. We focus this paper on symbolic techniques because they influence not only how neural networks are built but also the way in which they are executed. Limitations of symbolic techniques have led to efforts in integrating symbolic and nonsymbolic aspects in deep learning, opening up new possibilities for symbolic techniques. For example, the Gluon API by Apache MXNet bridges the gap between imperative programming and symbolic execution through hybridization. Frameworks such as JANUS attempt to translate imperative programs into symbolic graphs, while approaches like DeepCheck attempt to use symbolic execution to analyze and validate imperative neural network programs. Symbolic analysis has also been paired with concrete execution in a technique called concolic testing in order to better test deep neural networks. Our study of these developments exemplifies just a few of the many ways the symbolic techniques employed by popular frameworks have the opportunity to be altered and utilized to achieve better performance.

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