论文标题
本地主方程绕过世俗近似
Local master equations bypass the secular approximation
论文作者
论文摘要
主方程是通过纳米级热力学系统建模热流量的重要工具。大多数实用的设备由相互作用的子系统组成,通常使用本地主方程(LME)或全局主方程(GME)进行建模。尽管有充分了解LME或GME分解的限制案例,但存在一个“灰色区域”,其中两个方程式可靠地捕获稳态的热电流,但可以预测非常不同的瞬时热流。在这种情况下,我们应该信任哪一个?在这里,我们表明,在动态方面,局部方法比全局的方法可以更可靠,而对于弱交互的开放量子系统来说,局部方法可能更可靠。这是由于以下事实:基于GME的世俗近似可以破坏关键的动力学特征。为了说明这一点,我们考虑了最小的运输设置,并表明其LME显示出异常点(EPS)。这些奇异性已经在模型的超导电路实现中观察到[1]。但是,与实验证据形成鲜明对比的是,全球方法中没有EPS出现。然后,我们证明EPS是Redfield方程中内置的功能,该功能比LME和GME更准确。最后,我们表明局部方法是作为红场方程的弱相互作用极限而出现的,并且完全避免了世俗的近似。
Master equations are a vital tool to model heat flow through nanoscale thermodynamic systems. Most practical devices are made up of interacting sub-system, and are often modelled using either local master equations (LMEs) or global master equations (GMEs). While the limiting cases in which either the LME or the GME breaks down are well understood, there exists a 'grey area' in which both equations capture steady-state heat currents reliably, but predict very different transient heat flows. In such cases, which one should we trust? Here, we show that, when it comes to dynamics, the local approach can be more reliable than the global one for weakly interacting open quantum systems. This is due to the fact that the secular approximation, which underpins the GME, can destroy key dynamical features. To illustrate this, we consider a minimal transport setup and show that its LME displays exceptional points (EPs). These singularities have been observed in a superconducting-circuit realisation of the model [1]. However, in stark contrast to experimental evidence, no EPs appear within the global approach. We then show that the EPs are a feature built into the Redfield equation, which is more accurate than the LME and the GME. Finally, we show that the local approach emerges as the weak-interaction limit of the Redfield equation, and that it entirely avoids the secular approximation.