论文标题

宇宙射线修饰冲击的流体模拟

Fluid Simulations of Cosmic Ray Modified Shocks

论文作者

Tsung, Tsun Hin Navin, Oh, S. Peng, Jiang, Yan-Fei

论文摘要

我们考虑在两流体描述中使用流和扩散的宇宙射线(CR)修饰的冲击。以前,数值代码无法在这种苛刻的制度中纳入流,并且从未与分析解决方案进行比较。首先,我们发现一种新的分析解决方案高度差异,从标准解决方案加速效率。它源于远离子震动的CR的双向流,类似于辐射冲击中的Zeldovich尖峰。由于上游的CRS散布较少,因此加速效率较低,通常为$ \ sim 10 \%$,而不是以前的分析工作中发现的$ \ sim 50 \%$。在马赫数$ \ gtrsim 10 $上,新的解决方案分叉分为3个分支,具有有效,中级和效率低下的CR加速度。我们的两臂代码(Jiang&Oh 2018)在探测的整个参数空间中准确恢复了这些解决方案,而没有临时封闭关系。对于一般初始条件,效率低下的分支是最强大和最优选的解决方案。中间分支是不稳定的,而有效分支仅在不允许效率小分支(对于CR主导或高血浆$β$ shocks)时才会出现。 CR修改后的冲击具有很长的平衡时间($ \ sim 1000 $扩散时间)才能开发前体,必须通过$ \ gtrsim 10 $单元格解决,以进行收敛。非平衡效应,磁场的分辨率和倾斜度差均降低了Cr加速度的效率。 Galaxy量表模拟中的冲击通常不会在没有子网格处方的情况下导致CR加速度。

We consider cosmic ray (CR) modified shocks with both streaming and diffusion in the two-fluid description. Previously, numerical codes were unable to incorporate streaming in this demanding regime, and have never been compared against analytic solutions. First, we find a new analytic solution highly discrepant in acceleration efficiency from the standard solution. It arises from bi-directional streaming of CRs away from the subshock, similar to a Zeldovich spike in radiative shocks. Since fewer CRs diffuse back upstream, this results in a much lower acceleration efficiency, typically $\sim 10\%$ as opposed to $\sim 50\%$ found in previous analytic work. At Mach number $\gtrsim 10$, the new solution bifurcates into 3 branches, with efficient, intermediate and inefficient CR acceleration. Our two-moment code (Jiang & Oh 2018) accurately recovers these solutions across the entire parameter space probed, with no ad hoc closure relations. For generic initial conditions, the inefficient branch is the most robust and preferred solution. The intermediate branch is unstable, while the efficient branch appears only when the inefficient branch is not allowed (for CR dominated or high plasma $β$ shocks). CR modified shocks have very long equilibration times ($\sim 1000$ diffusion time) required to develop the precursor, which must be resolved by $\gtrsim 10$ cells for convergence. Non-equilibrium effects, poor resolution and obliquity of the magnetic field all reduce CR acceleration efficiency. Shocks in galaxy scale simulations will generally contribute little to CR acceleration without a subgrid prescription.

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