论文标题
气候的熵生产率
Entropy production rates of the climate
论文作者
论文摘要
作为气候诊断和预测因素，全球熵生产率的持续兴趣，但其定义的歧义受到限制。气候系统的不同概念边界会导致不同的内部生产率。在此处描述，估计和调查了三个可行的选择，其中两个 - 材料和总辐射（此处“行星”）熵生产速率 - 已建立了良好的建立率，而第三个是最近才考虑的，但似乎很有希望。此新选项标记为“转移”熵的生产率，包括在气候，辐射和材料中转移热量的所有不可逆过程，但不参与与空间交换辐射的过程。估计三个型号气候的估计将材料汇率置于$ 27 $ - $ 48 $ $ $ $^2 $ K，转移速度$ 67 $ - $ 76 $ - $ 76 $ MW/m $^2 $ k，而行星费率$ 1279 $ - $ 1312 $ MW/m W/m m $^2 $ k。 通过在简单的辐射感染模型中计算其对气候变化的响应来探测每种速率的气候相关性。增强的温室效应会导致材料和转移熵的生产率显着增加，但对行星速率没有直接影响。当相同的表面温度通过更改反照率而迫使相同的表面温度升高时，材料和转移熵的生产率却降低了，并且行星速率也会增加。这与太阳辐射管理有关，因为它表明了通过反照率改变逆转温室气体介导的气候变化的困难。有人认为，转移观点在气候系统中具有特殊的意义，并有保证提高了突出。
There is ongoing interest in the global entropy production rate as a climate diagnostic and predictor, but progress has been limited by ambiguities in its definition; different conceptual boundaries of the climate system give rise to different internal production rates. Three viable options are described, estimated and investigated here, two of which -- the material and the total radiative (here 'planetary') entropy production rates -- are well-established and a third which has only recently been considered but appears very promising. This new option is labelled the 'transfer' entropy production rate and includes all irreversible processes that transfer heat within the climate, radiative and material, but not those involved in the exchange of radiation with space. Estimates in three model climates put the material rate in the range $27$-$48$ mW/m$^2$K, the transfer rate $67$-$76$ mW/m$^2$K, and the planetary rate $1279$-$1312$ mW/m$^2$K. The climate-relevance of each rate is probed by calculating their responses to climate changes in a simple radiative-convective model. An increased greenhouse effect causes a significant increase in the material and transfer entropy production rates but has no direct impact on the planetary rate. When the same surface temperature increase is forced by changing the albedo instead, the material and transfer entropy production rates increase less dramatically and the planetary rate also registers an increase. This is pertinent to solar radiation management as it demonstrates the difficulty of reversing greenhouse gas-mediated climate changes by albedo alterations. It is argued that the transfer perspective has particular significance in the climate system and warrants increased prominence.
