论文标题
要克服底切问题
Towards Overcoming the Undercutting Problem
论文作者
论文摘要
目前,通过自愿交易费用和固定的块奖励激励比特币和类似加密货币的采矿过程,这将逐渐减少到零。在可选和任意交易费用成为剩余激励措施的环境中,Carlsten等人[CCS〜2016]发现,底切攻击可能成为矿工的平衡策略。攻击者在削弱下,通过将富裕的交易毫无意义地吸引了零售商的货物,故意将现有的连锁店叉了。我们观察到,在[CCS〜2016]中以固定费率到达的费用的两个简化假设,而收集{\ em all}累积费用的矿工通常在实践中通常是不可行的,并且发现他们不准确地膨胀了欠缺的盈利能力。研究比特币和Monero区块链数据时,我们发现卧推故意遗漏的费用可能对其他矿工(因此对攻击者本身)可能没有吸引力:故意排除的交易可能不适合新的区块而不适合“挤出”其他一些交易,因此在下一轮中可以要求筹集任何可供使力的交易。 这项工作将链条之间的刻痕和转移视为理性矿工的采矿策略。我们将削减策略的盈利能力建模为有块大小限制,这将在一轮中限制可索赔费用,并产生待处理(缓冲)交易集。在拟议的模型中,我们首先确定使盈利盈利所必需的条件。然后,我们通过选择性地组装交易中的新块以使已确定的条件无效,提出了一种易于发挥的防御防御性。在存在的典型环境下,使用这种回避技术是NASH平衡。最后,我们通过实验补充上述分析结果。
Mining processes of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies are currently incentivized with voluntary transaction fees and fixed block rewards which will halve gradually to zero. In the setting where optional and arbitrary transaction fee becomes the remaining incentive, Carlsten et al.\ [CCS~2016] find that an undercutting attack can become the equilibrium strategy for miners. In undercutting, the attacker deliberately forks an existing chain by leaving wealthy transactions unclaimed to attract petty complaint miners to its fork. We observe that two simplifying assumptions in [CCS~2016] of fees arriving at fixed rates and miners collecting {\em all} accumulated fees regardless of block size limit are often infeasible in practice and find that they are inaccurately inflating the profitability of undercutting. Studying Bitcoin and Monero blockchain data, we find that the fees deliberately left out by an undercutter may not be attractive to other miners (hence to the attacker itself): the deliberately left out transactions may not fit into a new block without "squeezing out" some other to-be transactions, and thus claimable fees in the next round cannot be raised arbitrarily. This work views undercutting and shifting among chains rationally as mining strategies of rational miners. We model profitability of undercutting strategy with block size limit present, which bounds the claimable fees in a round and gives rise to a pending (cushion) transaction set. In the proposed model, we first identify the conditions necessary to make undercutting profitable. We then present an easy-to-deploy defense against undercutting by selectively assembling transactions into the new block to invalidate the identified conditions. Under a typical setting with undercutters present, applying this avoidance technique is a Nash Equilibrium. Finally, we complement the above analytical results with experiments.