论文标题
对称性及其在物理基本定律中的破坏
Symmetries and their breaking in the fundamental laws of physics
论文作者
论文摘要
大自然物理定律中的对称性会导致可观察的影响。除了规律性和保守的幅度外，粒子物理学的最后几十年还看到了对称性的识别及其定义明确的断裂，这是物质基本成分及其相互作用的指导原理。风味su（3）对称的对称性导致了夸克模型，而在相同的费米子交换下的反对称性要求导致了颜色的自由度，这是SU（3）局部仪表对称性中Quark和Gluons相互作用的电荷。弱相互作用中的奇偶校验违规导致考虑了弱的等速素量表su（2）XU（1）对称性的弱的同胞量规组下具有明确转化特性的手性磁场，这预测了新型的弱中性电流相互作用。 CP暴力导致三个夸克家族开放了风味物理领域。与纠缠的中性介子相兼容，与cpt-variance兼容，已经观察到时间反转侵点。仪表异常的取消导致夸克 - 莱普顿对称性。假定中微子是为了节省β衰减中的能量和角动量保护。中微子振荡的发现导致了一个关于它们的质量，混合，离散对称性和全球Lepton-number违规的新时代。瘦肉生成可能是宇宙中物质抗土物不对称的来源。夸克和叶子的发现及其相互作用的介体与与该标准理论的壮观一致，是对称性的胜利。仪表对称性仅在颗粒无质量时才是确切的。一个人需要对对称性的微妙破裂，提供质量的起源，而不会影响相互作用：生产Higgs玻色子作为残余物的BROUT-ENGLERT-HIGGS机制。通过搜索标准模式的新物理学，可以解决开放目前的问题。
Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last decades in Particle Physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetry requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom, the charge for the interactions of quarks and gluons in the SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led to consider the Chiral Fields with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin gauge group of the ElectroWeak SU(2)xU(1) Symmetry, which predicted novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-Reversal-Violation has been observed with Entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies leads to Quark-Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated to save energy and angular momentum conservation in beta decay. The discovery of neutrino oscillations led to a new era about their origin of mass, mixing, discrete symmetries and the global lepton-number violation. Leptogenesis may be the source of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. The discovery of quarks and leptons and the mediators of their interactions, with observables in spectacular agreement with this Standard Theory, is the triumph of Symmetries. Gauge symmetry is exact only when the particles are massless. One needs a subtle breaking of the symmetry, providing the Origin of Mass, without affecting the interactions: the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism which produces the Higgs Boson as a remnant. Open present problems are addressed with the search of New Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model.
