论文标题
在恒星簇中填充黑洞质量差距：一般关系和上限
Populating the Black Hole Mass Gaps In Stellar Clusters: General Relations and Upper Limits
论文作者
论文摘要
理论和观察结果表明，单星进化无法产生黑洞（BHS），其质量在$ 3-5M _ {\ odot} $中，而高于$ \ sim 4500万_ {\ odot} $，分别称为下质量GAP（LMG）和上MAS GAP（LMG）和上部MAS GAP（UMG）。但是，可以通过密集簇中的紧凑物体合并，例如LMG和UMG可以分别通过二进制中子星和BBH合并填充。这意味着，如果在具有至少一个质量差距对象的重力波（GWS）中观察到二进制合并，则簇可以有效地组装二进制合并，或者必须对单星模型进行修订。因此，了解两个质量差距在填充两个质量差距方面的有效簇对恒星和GW天体物理学都具有重大影响。在本文中，我们介绍了一项系统的研究，介绍了通过集群中GW合并填充两个质量差距的高效恒星簇。为此，我们得出了一组封闭形式的关系，以描述在其群集中进行动态相互作用和GW合并的紧凑对象二进制文件的演变。通过考虑静态和时间不断发展的人群，我们特别发现球状簇在与UMG相比显然在填充LMG方面效率低下。我们进一步描述了这些结果如何与与问题相关的特征质量，时间和长度尺度相关。
Theory and observations suggest that single-star evolution is not able to produce black holes (BHs) with masses in the range $3-5M_{\odot}$ and above $\sim 45M_{\odot}$, referred to as the lower mass gap (LMG) and the upper mas gap (UMG), respectively. However, it is possible to form BHs in these gaps through merger of compact objects in dense clusters, e.g. the LMG and the UMG can be populated through binary neutron star- and BBH mergers, respectively. This implies that if binary mergers are observed in gravitational waves (GWs) with at least one mass gap object, then either clusters are effective in assembling binary mergers, or our single-star models have to be revised. Understanding how effective clusters are at populating both mass gaps have therefore major implications for both stellar- and GW astrophysics. In this paper we present a systematic study on how efficient stellar clusters are at populating both mass gaps through in-cluster GW mergers. For this, we derive a set of closed form relations for describing the evolution of compact object binaries undergoing dynamical interactions and GW merger inside their cluster. By considering both static and time evolving populations, we find in particular that globular clusters are clearly inefficient at populating the LMG in contrast to the UMG. We further describe how these results relate to the characteristic mass, time, and length scales associated with the problem.
