论文标题
关于“红色超级巨人问题”：反驳，在II-P祖细胞上的上质量临界值上达成共识
On `On the Red Supergiant Problem': a rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cutoff for II-P progenitors
论文作者
论文摘要
“红色超级巨人问题”描述了以下说法：II-P型超新星的最亮红色超级巨人（RSG）祖细胞比该领域的RSG明显淡淡。几位作者将这种不匹配的解释为黑孔（BHS）的质量阈值的表现，使得最初质量高于$ m _ {\ rm hi} = 17 $ m $ _ \ odot $的明星和低于25 $ m_ \ odot $ y iS rsgs，但与Snement as Fellosiions相比，be odot $ _ \ odot $和低于odot $ y of vieot $ _ \ odot $。但是，我们以前曾警告说，此截止更可能更高，并且具有较大的不确定性（$ m _ {\ rm hi} = 19^{+4} _ { - 2} m _ {\ odot} $），这意味着RSG问题的统计学意义小于2σ$。最近，Kochanek（2020）声称我们的工作在统计上是有缺陷的，并且他们的分析认为，上质量截止值高达$ m _ {\ rm hi} = 15.7 \ pm pm 0.8m_ \ odot $，使RSG问题具有$>10σ$的RSG问题。在这封信中，我们表明Kochanek的低临界值是由统计误解引起的，与祖细胞质谱相关的拟合可以在99.6 \％的置信度水平上排除。解决此问题后，Kochanek的最佳拟合变成$ M _ {\ rm hi} = 19^{+4} _ { - 2} m _ {\ odot} $，与我们的工作非常共识。最后，我们认为，在寻找RSG“消失”时，它直接倒入BH时，任何此类调查都必须在缺乏任何此类检测的情况下进行数十年的运行，这具有统计学意义。
The `Red Supergiant Problem' describes the claim that the brightest Red Supergiant (RSG) progenitors to type II-P supernovae are significantly fainter than RSGs in the field. This mismatch has been interpreted by several authors as being a manifestation of the mass threshold for the production of black holes (BHs), such that stars with initial masses above a cutoff of $M_{\rm hi}=17$M$_\odot$ and below 25$M_\odot$ will die as RSGs, but with no visible SN explosion as the BH is formed. However, we have previously cautioned that this cutoff is more likely to be higher and has large uncertainties ($M_{\rm hi}=19^{+4}_{-2}M_{\odot}$), meaning that the statistical significance of the RSG Problem is less than $2σ$. Recently, Kochanek (2020) has claimed that our work is statistically flawed, and with their analysis has argued that the upper mass cutoff is as low as $M_{\rm hi} = 15.7 \pm 0.8M_\odot$, giving the RSG Problem a significance of $>10σ$. In this letter, we show that Kochanek's low cutoff is caused by a statistical misinterpretation, and the associated fit to the progenitor mass spectrum can be ruled out at the 99.6\% confidence level. Once this problem is remedied, Kochanek's best fit becomes $M_{\rm hi} =19^{+4}_{-2}M_{\odot}$, in excellent agreement with our work. Finally, we argue that, in the search for a RSG `vanishing' as it collapses directly to a BH, any such survey would have to operate for decades before the absence of any such detection became statistically significant.
